background: effects of estrogen on bone metabolism and its protective role on prevention of osteoporosis are well   documented. however, the efficacy of estrogen treatment on bone healing is not well investigated. the drug can be delivered both systemically or locally to the bone with differences in concentrations and side effects. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of local an...

      Background: Effects of estrogen on bone metabolism and its protective role on prevention of osteoporosis are well   documented. However, the efficacy of estrogen treatment on bone healing is not well investigated. The drug can be delivered both systemically or locally to the bone with differences in concentrations and side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lo...

background: dental students constitute a stakeholder group that is able to provide unique information concerning the effectiveness of the dental curriculum. the purpose of this study was to determine students’ perceptions of the learning environment, intellectual climate and teacher student relationships in dental school.     methods: this study was conducted among 341 dental students of two de...

introduction: critical thinking skill is an essential factor for success in today’s rapidly developing world. the present study was carried out to compare the association between critical thinking disposition and academic achievement in preclinical and clinical medical students. methods: this study was descriptive-correlational in which the sample included 259 medical students at kermanshah uni...

Background and Aim: With the advent of problem-based learning (PBL), pioneer universities across the world started using this method to improve learning quality. One of its modifications, hybrid-PBL, incorporates a combination of PBL and traditional teaching skills. This study compared the efficacy of hybrid PBL and the conventional instruction in terms of preclinical test scores and clinical p...

objective (s): scar formation in injured peripheral nerve bed causes several consequences which impede the process of nerve regeneration. several animal models are used for scar induction in preclinical studies which target prevention and/or suppression of perineural scar. this study evaluates the translational capacity of four of physical injury models to induce scar formation around the sciat...

the interest of dental research in metal-free restorations has been rising in the last 20 years following the introduction of innovative all-ceramic materials in the daily practice. in particular, high-strength ceramics and related cad/cam techniques have widely increased the clinical indications of metal-free restorations, showing more favorable mechanical characteristics compared to the early...